Humpback whales

Megaptera novaeangliae

By: Dr. A. H. Kopelman

Slow motion humpback terminal dive, 8/3/22, off Montauk from CRESLI_ Inc. on Vimeo.

Slow motion video of a terminal dive of our 2nd of 4 humpbacks seen during our 8/3/22 whale watch on the Viking Starship off Montauk.

**Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)**

The humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) is regularly found in the New York Bight throughout the year, but its abundance fluctuates widely. In some years they are very numerous with aggregations of up to 20 individuals. In other years only a few individuals are present. Humpbacks are one of the baleen whales regularly found in shallow water and have been observed for extended periods of time within Long Island Sound, Block Island Sound, Gardiner's Bay, the south shore of Long Island from the Rockaway to Montauk, and in the NY Harbor area.

In some instances humpbacks have also been observed moving in and out of some inlets along the south shore of Long Island (Shinnecock, Moriches, Fire Island, and New York Harbor). Humpbacks are found in the greatest numbers around Long Island between the months of June through October. Usually they feed on shoals of small schooling fish such as sand eels (sand lance), bunker (Atlantic menhaden), or herring, they will also feed on small shrimp like crustaceans called krill or euphausiids.

Our trips to the Great South Channel, bring us to a major feeding area east of Nantucket, where we've encountered humpbacks every year from 2002-2019 (from 4 to 150 individuals per trip).

Humpback females can reach lengths of 60 feet and weights of 100,000 lbs. As in other baleen whales, humpbacks are not truly "social." That is, they don't belong to relatively stable social groups. The only stable association is between a mother and her calf, which may last as long as 1 year. However, unlike other baleen whales, humpback do feed cooperatively and some individuals are often found in close association with certain others. We are constantly learning more about the social behaviors of humpback whales. For more information, take a look at Clark, C. W., & Garland, E. C. (Eds.). (2022). Ethology and Behavioral Ecology of Mysticetes. Springer.

The flippers of a humpback are quite long (about 1/4 - 1/3 of the body length as seen in the image below), hence the genus Megaptera which translates from Latin as "large winged." In part, due to the large flippers, humpbacks are relatively slow swimmers but are also quite maneuverable.This flippers have tubercles (bumps) on the leading edge which have significant hydrodynamic effects. The tubercles provide lift and allow these whales to rise through the water at a steepo angle without stalling, enabling breaching with relatively less energy.

The tubercles also allow humpbacks to rotate rapidly on the axis of extended flippers, thus allowing them to turn quickly into concentartions of prey. Humpbacks use a variety of unique behaviors involving bubbles to capture their prey. No other cetacean, as faas we can tell, uses bubles to concentrate prey. Humpbacks utilize bubble nets (aka bubble rings), bubble walls, bubble clouds (aka bubble mists). In each behavior, bubbles trap fish, and the humpbacks turn into the mass of trapped fish and feed.

For a detailed description of humpback behaviors you can take a look here at a document from our colleagues at Whale and Dolphin Conservation

In order to dive deeply on a terminal or sounding dive, humpbacks usually kick their flukes out, this enables us to see and photograph the underside of the fluke. The markings and patterns of pigmentation on the underside of the fluke are unique for each humpback and can be used for identification purposes.

If you are interested inhow to determine the sex of a humpback whale, our colleaugues at the Pacific Whale Foundation have done an excellent job that can be seen here (https://www.pacificwhale.org/blog/how-can-you-tell-a-male-and-female-humpback-whale-apart/)

Humpback named "Dory" Ganesh Humpback named W Nile

Reaper Coral

Humpbacks can be found during our trips in the waters off Montauk, as well as Great South Channel, NY Harbor, and Stellwagen Bank, to name a few.

To see the distribution of CRESLI's humpback sightings off Montauk you should go to the NYS Geographic Information Gateway and/or go to OBIS-SEAMAP (Ocean Biodiversity Information System Spatial Ecological Analysis of Megavertebrate Populations) and search for CRESLI

As of September 15, 2023, we have had 1573 humpback encounters in our trips to the Great South Channel, Stellwagen Bank, and Montauk. We have photo-identified 674 different humpback whales during these trips with the assistance of Laura Howes of Boston Harbor Cruises, the Gulf of Maine Humpback group, Dr. Jooke Robbins of the Center for Coastal Studies, Mason Weinrich of the Whale Center of New England, the FlukeMatcher groups on Facebook, the Gotham Whale Western NY Bight humpback catalog, HappyWhale, and Flukebook, and Lindsey Jones of Allied Whale.

As of September 15, 2023, CRESLI trips in the waters around Montauk have had 354 humpback whale encounters and have identified 238 different humpbacks.

CRESLI, Gotham Whale, Wildlife Conservation Society Ocean Giants Program, Atlantic Marine Conservation Society, and the Thorne Lab at Stony Brook University have joined to form the NY Bight Cetacean Consortium and are pooling our humpback whale ID's via Flukebook

According to NOAA Fisheries, there may be anywhere from ~10,400-10,752 humpbacks in the North Atlantic "including U.S. Atlantic coastal waters" (2016-2023 Humpback UME information). The Gulf of Maine stock is estimated to be 1,396 (95% credible intervals 1363−1429) according to the 2019 NOAA Fisheries Stock Assessment Report.

The Good News:

In September 2016, 9 of 14 distinct population segments of humpbacks from around the world were removed from endnagered status. See https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/09/08/2016-21276/endangered-and-threatened-species-identification-of-14-distinct-population-segments-of-the-humpback

The bad news:

In 2016 NOAA Fisheries declared an Unusual Mortaility Event (UME) for the humpback whale along the Atlantic coast from Maine through Florida.

Since 2016, to date 209 humpbacks have been found dead along the east coast of the US. Necropsies (post-mortem exams) were conducted and of all whales examined, 40% showed signed of human interactions (evidence of entanglement and/or ship strikes). NY has had 43 strandings of dead humpbacks (more than all other states), followed by Massachusetts with 41 (see https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-life-distress/2016-2023-humpback-whale-unusual-mortality-event-along-atlantic-coast).

You may have heard many people blaming Offshore Wind (OSW) exploration and development for these spate of deaths. To date there is absolutely no evidence that OSW has played any direct role in these mortalilities.

if want want to help reduced these deaths, help convince vessel operators to SLOW DOWN.
If you want to help, do what you can to reduce your electrical use (direct or indirect), reduce buying unnecessay things that are often shipped via massive cargo vessels.
The most significant thing you can do is work in any way possible to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emmisions and increase GHG capture by planting native plants, and reducing conversion of planted areas to buildings and parking lots (i.e., land conversion)

Let the authorities know - report strandings!

It is critically important to immediately report any sightings of injured or stranded whales (dead or alive). In NY, call the NY Stranding hotline 631-369-9829. Elsewhere in the In the United States, make a report by calling the Greater Atlantic Marine Mammal Stranding Hotline at (866) 755-6622 or the Southeast Marine Mammal Stranding Hotline at (877) 433-8299. You can also contact the U.S. Coast Guard on VHF Channel 16. Do not approach injured or dead animals.

RELATED SITES

Photos of CRESLI ID'd humpbacks 2002-2022